HEADACHES: THE PATHWAY OF PAIN

July 4th, 2011

There are pathways in the nervous system which help us appreciate our environment, whether by sight, touch, or hearing. Each sense organ can be regarded as an extension, or the sensitive area, of a nerve which is linked to the brain. In the case of the eyes, the light-sensitive cells in the back of the eyeball (retina) are linked together in specific patterns which are then transmitted by the optic nerves to a relay station at the base of the brain. In lower animals, much organization of incoming information is carried out here but, in man and other primates, most of the processing occurs in the grey matter of the brain, the cortex. Here, the shape perceived is compared with stored information and recognition occurs when the pattern is matched with memory. A label is supplied by an area of the brain concerned with memory and we have a conscious appreciation of what the object is. A similar process occurs with the recognition of sounds but, in this case, different areas of the brain are involved.Touch (tactile sensation) is different in that the impulses have to travel a greater distance to the brain up the spinal cord (except in the case of sensation on the face). The other varieties of sensation besides touch include temperature, superficial pain, and deep pain. Impulses travel along nerve fibres from sensitive structures in the skin to the spinal cord where they relay with long nerve fibres grouped together. These travels to the brain where two things happen: the first is that the sensation is localized, because only that group of nerve fibres in the brain concerned solely with sensation from the specifically activated area is stimulated; secondly, other areas of the brain go into a state of expectancy, a general alerting reaction. Because of this activation (which can be measured electrically) there is an increased flow of blood to the nerve cells. Complex patterns of skin stimulation can be analyzed in much the same way as patterns of light and sound perceived by eyes and ears.The structures in the skin or other tissues which receive painful stimuli are of a specific type, and are different from those sensitive to touch and temperature. Pain sensation is served by two types of nerve fibre, fast and slow, each of which transmits pain of a different character: the fast fibre transmits discrete, sharp pain whilst the slow fibre produces dull and diffuse pain. Slow-conducting fibres also transmit the sensation of itch; this is the reason why scratching, in other words, blocking the itch sensation by pain, is efficacious.
*17/152/5*

PAIN TREATMENT: ANTIDEPRESSANTS

June 27th, 2011
People in pain may well be depressed by their struggle and need treatment for their depression. However, the medicine used against depression have an action against pain which is completely separate from their action in depression. These medicines act by increasing the level in the brain of neurotransmitters, which are used to carry nerve impulses from one cell to another. One of these chemicals, called serotonin or 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, improves the mood. However, the same chemical is the transmitter used by one of the systems by which the brain controls the nerve impulses that arise in the spinal cord and signal injury to the brain. In this way, antidepressants can decrease the incoming signal from cord to brain and improve pain relief. They are used where the narcotics do not work because nerve damage has inactivated the inhibitory mechanisms that are normally activated by narcotics. They are used to treat the pains arising after shingles, which I mentioned earlier. But the effect is weak and these drugs only just pass rigorous tests as analgesics.
*55\219\2*

MENSTRUAL CYCLE-CREATURE COMFORTS: WEAR WARMER CLOTHES AND HELPFUL FOODS

April 29th, 2009

If your feet are cold and your legs chilled, the pain is often worse. A good pair of trousers, warm boots, or a thick skirt and two petticoats are good investments. I’m well aware there are still employers and headmasters who lay down rules about clothes. Some actually ban girls wearing trousers; others take exception to boots. We have a long way to go before we win the freedom to wear whatever is most suitable and practical.

Helpful foods-Oranges, bananas and tomatoes are particularly useful around the time of your period because they help replace the potassium your body may have lost if you have been taking diuretics to help get rid of the bloat. And if you feel tired or giddy it’s a good idea to have a small stock of sugary foods handy, like glucose tablets, boiled sweets, barley sugar or grapes. Things to keep clear of are those tempting salty snacks like crisps or salted peanuts. They encourage your body to retain water and give you a thirst. If you drink more fluid than you need you are far more likely to get waterlogged. Incidentally, if you suffer from the bloat, drinking black coffee could help because it is a mild diuretic.

*531772*